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thumbnail Night combat is combat that occurs during the hours of darkness. It is distinguished from daytime combat by lower visibility and its reversed relation to the Circadian cycle. Typically combat at night is favorable to the attacker, with offensive tactics being focused on exploiting the advantages to maximum effect.〔(NIGHT COMBAT BY RUSSIAN CAVALRY )〕〔(Night Combat )〕 Defensive night tactics mainly focus on negating the advantages given by the night to the attacker.〔(Night Combat Operations )〕 ==Effects of night== The most obvious effect of is reduced visibility. This affects a soldier's ability to observe friendly troop movements, understand terrain, and especially impacts perception of enemy movements and position. Officers find that darkness hampers many aspects of command, including their ability to preserve control, execute movement, firing, maintenance of direction, reconnaissance, security, and mutual support. A U.S. Army report on historic Japanese warfare described an instance of this confusion: An example is recorded in the history of Japan when about 1180 a force() of the Heike confronting a force of the Genji across the Fuji river (Shizuoka Prefecture) beat a hasty retreat one night due to mistaking the noise made by water fowl for an attacking Genji force. Indeed, a side effect of the reduced visibility is heightened audibility, as soldiers focus more on what they can hear. There are many instances of soldiers losing their bearings at night due to flashes from guns or enemy searchlights.〔(Eight United States Army Military History Section: Japanese Research Division )〕 The difficulties of perception lend themselves to fear of the unknown. Soldiers under fire can't tell from where the fire originates and can't devise appropriate countermeasures. Such uncertainty is associated with feelings of loneliness and helplessness, and creates a tendency in men to over estimate enemy strength or be excessively pessimistic of the combat situation.〔 And without the aid of artificial illumination, a soldiers marksmanship skills are negatively affected during total darkness. "Prior to the introduction of aided night vision devices, effective firing at night with a rifle was limited to very close distances, typically within 50 meters. The ability to hit targets was dependant upon a soldiers ability to acquire targets in their sights, which in turn, depended greatly upon the amount of natural and artificial illumination." 〔http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a297284.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「night combat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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